這篇用於筆記，不定時更新，放假才有時間學習
有英國歷史等等，有興趣可以看看
如果中文翻譯有錯也可以跟我說
(雖然根本沒有人來看我小屋
)
Day 2
)聲明：
此篇內容摘自英國Home office及出版商TSO，版權屬於英國皇家版權(Crown copyright)。
根據書本出版商所指:
The contents of this publication may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium for the purpose of private research and study or for internal circulation within organisations.
為了私人研究或組織內部流通的目的，可以以任何格式或媒介免費複製本出版物的內容
Day 1
The values and principles of the UK
英國的價值和原則
The fundamental principles of British life include:
英國的基本原則
- Democracy 民主
- The rule of law 法治
- Individual liberty 個人自由
- Tolerance of those with different faiths and beliefs 包容不同信仰信念
- Participation in community life 參與社區生活
As part of the citizenship ceremony, new citizens pledge to uphold these values. The pledge is:
作為入藉儀式一部分，新公民要保證堅守這些價值。誓詞是:
'I will give my loyalty to the United Kingdom and respect its rights and freedoms. I will uphold its democratic values. I will observe its laws faithfully and fulfill my duties and obligations as a British citizen.'
'我會把我的忠誠獻給英國，並尊重它的權利和自由。我會堅守它的民主價值。我會忠心地遵守它的法律，並作為英國公民履行我的職責和義務。'
If you wish to be a permanent resident or citizen of the UK, you should:
如果你希望成為一個英國永久居民或公民，你應該:
- respect and obey the law 尊重和遵守法律
- respect the rights of others, including their right to their own opinions 尊重其他人的權利，包括他們表達個人意見的權利
- treat others with fairness 平等對待其他人
- look after yourself and your family 關顧自己及家人
- look after the area in which you live and the environment. 關顧你生活的地方和環境
In return, the UK offers:
作為回報，英國提供:
- freedom of belief and religion 信仰自由
- freedom of speech 言論自由
- freedom from unfair discrimination 免於不公平歧視的自由
- a right to fair trial 公平審判的權利
- a right to join in the election of government 參與政府選舉的權利
What is the UK?
英國是什麼
The official name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 'Great Britain' refers only to England, Scotland and Wales, not to Northern Ireland.
正式國家名稱是大不列顛與北愛爾蘭聯合王國。大不列顛僅指英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾斯，而非北愛爾蘭。
There are also several islands which are closely linked with the UK but are not part of it: ... These have their own governments and are called 'Crown dependencies'. There are also several British overseas territories in other parts of the world, such as ... They are also linked to the UK but are not a part of it. 有幾個島嶼與英國關係密切，但不是英國一部分。它們有自己的政府，稱為'皇家屬地'。還有一些英國海外領土在世界其他地方。它們與英國有關聯，但不是英國一部分。
Day 2
開始念歷史了，很難圈重點，就像以前念書的考試範圍一樣，整本書都是重點。今天時間不多，只看了幾頁。
Early Britain
早期的不列顛
For much of the Stone Age, Britain was connected to the continent by a land bridge.
石器時代大多數時間裡，不列顛透過陸橋與大陸連接。(不是很懂陸橋和大陸分別指什麼)
Britain only became permanently separated from the continent by the Channel about 10,000 years ago.
在10,000年前，不列顛人才被海峽從大陸永久分開。(不知道是否指不列顛與愛爾蘭大陸)
The first farmers arrived in Britain 6,000 years ago. The ancestors of these first farmers probably came from south-east Europe. These people built houses, tombs and monuments on the land.
第一批農民在6,000年前抵達不列顛。他們的祖先可能來自東南歐。這些人在此地建造房子，墳墓，紀念碑。(包括Stonehenge 巨石陣)
Around 4,000 years ago, people learned to make bronze. We call this period the Bronze Age. People lived in rough houses and buried their dead in tombs called round barrows.
約4,000年前，人們學到製作青銅。我們稱這時期為青銅器時代。人們住在簡陋房子裡，把屍體埋進稱為round barrows的墳墓裡。
The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age, when people learned how to make weapons and tools out of iron.
當人們學到如何用鐵製作武器和工具時，青銅器時代接下來的就是鐵器時代。
They made the first coins to be minted in Britain, some inscribed with the names of Iron Age kings.
他們製作了不列顛第一枚鑄造硬幣，有些硬幣上刻著鐵器時代國王的名字。
The Romans
羅馬人
Julius Caesar led a Roman invasion of Britain in 55 BC. → unsuccessful
西元前55年，朱利葉斯帶領羅馬軍入侵不列顛失敗
In AD 43, Emperor Claudius led the Roman army in a new invasion... in occupying almost all of Britain.→ successful
西元43年，克勞迪烏斯皇帝帶領羅馬軍進行新一次入侵成功，佔領了幾乎整個不列顛。
Areas of what is now Scotland were never conquered by the Romans, and the Emperor Hadrian built a wall in the north of England to keep out the Picts (ancestors of the Scottish people). Included in the wall were several forts.
現今蘇格蘭地區範圍從未被羅馬征服過，皇帝哈德良在英格蘭北部築起城牆以抵禦皮克特人，包括城牆上大量保壘。
The Romans remained in Britain for 400 years. They built roads and public buildings, created a structure of law, and introduced new plants and animals, It was during the 3rd and 4th centuries AD that the first Christian communities began to appear in Britain.
羅馬人留在不列顛400年。他們修建道路，公共建設，制訂結構法例，並且引入新植物和動物。在西元3-4世紀期間，第一個基督教社群開始出現在不列顛。
Day 3
The Anglo-Saxons
撒克遜人
The Roman army left Britain in AD 410 to defend other parts of the Roman Empire and never returned. Britain was again invaded by tribes from northern Europe: the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons.
在西元410年，羅馬軍隊離開不列顛以防守其他羅馬帝國的地方且不再回來。不列顛再次被來自北歐的部落入侵。(名字就不翻了)
..., by about AD 600, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were established in Britain.
約西元 600年，在不列顛建立撒克遜王國。
Parts of the west of Britain, including much of what is now Wales, and Scotland, remained free of Anglo-Saxon rule.
部分不列顛西部地區，包括大部分現今的威爾斯和蘇格蘭，保持在撒克遜的統治外。
The Vikings
維京人
The Vikings came from Denmark, Norway and Sweden. They first visited Britain in AD 789 to raid coastal towns and take away goods and slaves. Then, they began to stay and form their own communities in the east of England and Scotland. The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England united under King Alfred the Great, who defeated the Vikings.
維京人來自丹麥、挪威和瑞典。他們在西元 789年首次抵達不列顛並襲擊沿岸城鎮，帶走物品和奴隸。然後，他們開始在東英格蘭和蘇格蘭停留，形成自己的社區。英格蘭的撒克遜王國在國王之下聯合起來擊敗了維京人。
Anglo-Saxon kings continued to rule what is now England, except for the short period when there were Danish kings.撒克遜人繼續統治現在的英格蘭，除了短暫地被丹麥王統治的時期。
The Norman Conquered
諾曼征服
In 1066, an invasion led by William, the Duke of Normandy (in what is now northern France), defeated Harold, the Saxon king of England, at the Battle of Hastings. Harold was killed in the battle.
1066年，由諾曼第公爵威廉帶領的入侵，在Hastings之戰擊敗了撒克遜王Harold。他在這場戰爭中被殺。
The Norman Conquest was the last successful foreign invasion of England and led to many changes in government and social structures in England. Norman French, the language of the new ruling class, influenced the development of the English language as we know it today.
諾曼征服是英格蘭最後一場成功的外國入侵，並帶領政府和社會建設許多改變。諾曼法語成為新統治階級的語言，影響我們現今所知的英語發展。
今天先這樣，明天開始就是中世紀了。
英格蘭也真慘，被一堆歐洲國家入侵甚至成功征服統治，一直被打。第一批農民來自東南歐，這裡沒提到他們有沒有和原住民衝突，後來發展有點規模時被羅馬入侵統治，他們走了又被以撒克遜人為首入侵統治，他們又被諾曼人打敗統治，不知道現在英格蘭王室都是哪裡留下的血脈。反而威爾斯和蘇格蘭很好地抵抗入侵，只有部分土地被搶走又搶回來。
Day 4
The Middle Ages
中世紀
War at home and abroad
國內外的戰爭
Broadly speaking, the Middle Ages (or medieval period) spans a thousand years, from the end of the Roman Empire in AD 476 up until 1485.
廣義來說，中世紀跨越千年，從西元 476年羅馬帝國結束後到1485年。
The English kings fought with the Welsh, Scottish and Irish noblemen for control of their lands. ... In 1284 King Edward I of English introduced the Statute of Rhuddlan, which annexed Wales to the Crown of England.
英格蘭王為了控制更多威爾斯、蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭貴族的土地而開戰。在1284年，英格蘭王愛德華一世制訂Rhuddlan法令，把威爾斯併入英格蘭王室。
By the middle of the 15th century, the last Welsh rebellions had been defeated. English laws and the English, language were introduced.
15世紀中期，威爾斯最後一次叛亂被鎮壓。英格蘭法律及英文被引入。
In Scotland, the English kings were less successful. In 1314 the Scottish, led by Robert the Bruce, defeated the English at the Battle of Bannockburn, and Scotland remained unconquered by the English.
在蘇格蘭，英格蘭王取得少許成功。1314年，Robert the Bruce領導蘇格蘭人在Bannockburn戰爭中擊敗英格蘭人，蘇格蘭一直未被英格蘭征服。
During the Middle Ages, the English kings also fought a number of wars abroad. Many knights took part in the Crusades, in which European Christians fought for control, of the Holy Land. English kings also fought a long war with France, called the Hundred Years War (even though it actually lasted 116 years).
中世紀期間，英格蘭王還曾與參與多次海外戰爭。許多騎士參加十字軍東征，歐洲基督徒為了控制更多聖地而戰。英格蘭王還與法國發生戰爭，稱為百年戰爭(實際上它持續了116年)。
The Black Death
黑死病
The Normans used a system of land ownership known as feudalism. The king gave land to his lords in return for help in war. Landowners had to send certain numbers of men to serve in the army. Some peasants had their own land but most were serfs. They had a small, area of their lord's land where they could grow food. In return, they had to work for their lord and could not move away. The same system developed in southern Scotland. In the north of Scotland and Ireland, land was owned by members of the 'clans' (prominent families).
諾曼人使用所謂封建的土地所有權制度。國王給予他的領主土地，作為回報要支援戰爭。地主必須派遣一定數量的男人參軍。一些農民也擁有他們自己的土地，但大多是農奴。他們有一片領主的土地，以種植糧食，作為回報，他們要為領主工作，不能搬走。類似的制度也被發展在蘇格蘭南部。在蘇格蘭北部和愛爾蘭，土地則由'氏族' (一些顯赫的家族)擁有。
In 1348, a desease, probably a form of plague, came to British. This was known as the Black Death. One third of the population of England died and a similar proportion in Scotland and Wales. ... Following the Black Death, the smaller population meant there was less need to grow cereal crops. There were labour shortages and peasants began to demand higher wages.
1348年，一場災難，可能是一種瘟疫的形式，來到不列顛，就是所知的黑死病。英格蘭有三分之一人口死亡，在蘇格蘭和威爾斯也有類似比例。黑死病過後，人口減少意味著更少的穀物作物種植需求。勞工短缺，農民開始要求更高薪酬。
Legal and political changes
法律與政治改變
In the Middle Ages, Parliament began to develop into the institution it is today.
中世紀時，議會開始發展為現今的機構。
There were few formal limits to the king's power until 1215.
直到1215年，國王的權力受到少量正式的限制。
The Magna Carta established the idea that even the king was subject to the law. It protected the rights of the nobility and restricted the king's power to collect taxes or to make or change laws. In future, the king would need to involve his noblemen in decisions,
大憲章確立了國王也要遵守法律的理念。它保障貴族階級的權力，以及限制國王徵稅或建立/更改法律的權力。在將來，國王要讓他的貴族們干涉決定。
The number attending Parliament increased and two separate parts, known as Houses, were established. The nobility, great landowners and bishops sat in the House of Lords. Knights, who were usually smaller landowners, and wealthy people from towns and cities were elected to sit in the House of Commons.
出席議會的人增加並分為兩部分，被建立稱為眾議院: 貴族、大地主、主教在上議院; 騎士、通常是小地主的人、從城鎮地方獲選的富裕的人在下議院。
A similar Parliament developed in Scotland. It had three Houses, called Estates: the lords, the commons and the clergy.
類似的議會也在蘇格蘭發展起來。它有三個議院，稱為莊園(不知道中文對不對): 上議院、下議院和神職人員(直譯好像不太對勁)。
The principle that judges are independent of the government began to be established. In England, judges are developed 'common law' by a process of precedence (that is, following previous decisions) and tradition. In Scotland, the legal system developed slightly differently and laws were 'codified' (that is, written down).
法官獨立於政府的原則開始被確立。在英格蘭，法官依照優先程序(即遵從先前判決)和傳統制訂'普通法'。在蘇格蘭，法律系統的發展略有不同，法例被'編纂' (即 被寫下來)。
Day 5
A distinct identity
一個獨特的身份
After the Norman Conquest, the king and his noblemen had spoken Norman French and the peasants had continued to speak Anglo-Saxon. Gradually these two languages combined to become one English language.
諾曼征服後，國王和他的貴族們已經說諾曼法語，而農民繼續說撒克遜語。逐漸地，兩種語言結合變成英語。
By 1400, in England, official documents were being written in English, and English had become the preferred language of the royal court and Parliament.
到了1400年，在英格蘭，官方文件採用英文書寫，英文成為皇家法院和議會的首選語言。
In Scotland, many people continued to speak Gaelic and the Scots language also developed. A number of poets began to write in the Scots language.
在蘇格蘭，很多人繼續說蓋爾語和蘇格蘭語並發展下去。很多詩人開始用蘇格蘭語書寫。
The Middle Ages also saw a change in the type of buildings in Britain. Castles were built in many places in Britain and Ireland, parly for defence.
中世紀還見證了不列顛建築類型的改變。很多不列顛和愛爾蘭地方都建造了城堡，部分用於防禦。
During this period, England was an important trading nation. English wool became a very important export. People came to England from abroad to trade and also to work. Many had special skills, such as weavers from Franch, engineers from Germany, glass manufacturers from Italy and canal builders from Holland.
在此期間， 英格蘭是一個很重要的貿易國家。英格蘭羊毛成為非常重要的出口貨。人們從外國來到英格蘭交易和工作。很多人擁有特殊技能，例如從法國來的紡織工人，從德國來的工程師，從義大利來的玻璃生產者，還有從荷蘭來的運河建造者。
The Wars of the Roses
玫瑰戰爭
In 1455, a civil war was begun to decide who should be the king of England. It was fought between the supporters of two families: the House of Lancaster and the House of York. This warwas called the Wars of the Roses, because the symbol of Lancaster was a red rose and the symbol of York was a white rose. The war ended with the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. King Richard III of the House of York was killed in the battle and Henry Tudor, the leader of the House of Lancaster, became King Henry VII. Henry then married King Richard's niece, Elizabeth of York, and united the two families. Henry was the first king of Tudor.
1455年，一場決定誰能成為英格蘭國王的內戰開始。這是兩個家族的支持者之間的戰爭：蘭開斯特家族和約克家族。這場戰爭被稱為玫瑰戰爭，是因為蘭開斯特家家紋是紅玫瑰，而約克家家紋是白玫瑰。戰爭結束於1485年的博斯沃斯地之戰。約克家族的理查三世國王在這次戰役中陣亡，蘭開斯特家族家主亨利•都釋成為亨利七世國王。亨利隨後娶了理查國王的姪女，約克家的伊利莎白，並聯合兩個家族。亨利是都釋家族的第一位國王。
放假其實很難自主學習，工作太累，放假常常需要午睡，有時候出門補給食物，或者處理像是汽車/銀行/保險之類的事半天就沒了。獨居者要自己買東西煮飯，買太多又放到壞掉，買的少又要每幾天買一次，另外一堆家務事，什麼都自己做沒人幫忙，念書和娛樂的時間沒有很多，更別說想念英文了，只好把這些當作學習英文。共有160頁左右，現在30頁不到，要看到什麼時候，又能記得多少。
Day 6
Day 7
Day 8 17/7（英式格式，其實我應該每次都標日期的）
Day 9 19/7
Day 10 5/8
Day 11 22/8
Day 6
The Tudors and Stuarts
Religious conflicts
宗教衝突
After his victory in the Wars of the Rose, Henry VII wanted to make sure that England remained peaceful and that his position as king was secure. He deliberately strengthened the central administration of England and reduced the power of the nobles. He was thrifty and built up the monarchy's financial reserves. When he died, his son Henry VIII continued the policy of centralising power.
他贏得玫瑰戰爭後，亨利七世為確定英格蘭是和平的，以及他的權位是安全的。他故意加強英格蘭的中央行政，削弱貴族們的權力。他很節儉，建立君主制金融儲備。當他死後，他的兒子亨利八世也繼續中央集權政策。
Henry VIII was most famous for breaking away from the Church of Rome and marrying six times.
亨利八世最有名的是脫離羅馬教會，及結了6次婚。
To divorce his first wife, Henry needed the approval of the Pope. When the Pope refused, Henry established the Church of England. In this new Church, the king, not the Pope, would have the power to appoint bishops and order how people should worship.
為了與他的第一任妻子離婚，亨利需要教宗的同意。當教宗拒絕後，亨利創立英格蘭教會。在這新的教會，國王，而非教宗，有權力任命主教，命令人們應該怎樣禮拜。
At the same time the Reformation was happening across Europe. This was a movement against the authority of Pope and the ideas and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. The Protestants formed their own churches. They read the Bible in their own languages instead of in Latin; They did not pray to saints or at shrines; and they believed that a person's own relationship with God was more important than submitting to the authority of the Church. Protestant ideas gradually gained strength in England, Wales and Scotland during the 16th century.
與此同時，宗教改革在全歐洲發生。這是一場對抗教宗權威和羅馬天主教會的思想和實踐的運動。新教徒形成他們自己的教會。他們用他們的語言閱讀聖經，取代拉丁語。他們不在神殿向聖人祈禱。他們相信與神的個人關係比服從教會的權威更重要。16世紀時，新教徒思想漸漸地在英格蘭，威爾斯和蘇格蘭壯大。
During the reign of Henry VIII, Wales became formally united with England by the Act for the Government of Wales. The Welsh sent representatives to the House of Commons and the Welsh legal system was reformed
亨利八世統治期間，威爾斯透過威爾斯政府法案正式與英格蘭合併。威爾斯人派出代表到下議院，而威爾斯法律體系也進行改革。
Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edwards VI, who was strongly Protestant. During his reign, the Book of Common Prayer was written to be used in the Church of England.
亨利八世由他堅定的新教徒兒子愛德華六世繼承了他。在他統治期間，編寫了“公禱書”供英格蘭教會使用。
Edward died at the age of 15 after ruling for just over six years, and his half-sister Mary became queen. Mary was a devout Catholic and persecuted Protestants (for this reason, she became known as 'Bloody Mary'). Mary also died after s short reign and the next monarch was her half-sister, Elizabeth, the daught of Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn.
愛德華在他統治六年後於15歲時死去，他同父異母的妹她瑪麗成為女王。瑪麗是一個虔誠的天主教徒，也是一個被迫害的新教徒（出於這個原因，她成為為人熟知的血腥瑪麗）。瑪麗在短暫統治後死去，下一任君主是她同父異母的妹妹伊麗莎白，亨利八世與安妮博林之女。
Day 7
Queen Elizabeth I
女王伊麗莎白一世
Queen Elizabeth I was a Protestant. She re-established the Church of England as the official Church in England. Everyone had to attend their local church and there were laws about the type of religious services and the prayers which could be said, but Elizabeth did not ask about people's real beliefs. She succeeded in finding a balance between the views of Catholics and the more extreme Protestants. In this way, she avoided any serious religious conflict within England. Elizabeth became one of the most popular monarchs in English history, particularly after 1588, when the English defeated the Spanish Armada (a large fleet of ships).
女王伊麗莎白一世是一名新教徒。她重新建立了英格蘭教會，作為英格蘭的官方教會。所有人都要出席他們當地的教堂，有一些法律有關宗教儀式的種類和可以說的祈禱文，但伊麗莎白從未問過人們的真正信仰。她成功在天主教觀點和更多極端新教徒之間找到平衡。用這個方法，她避免了任何嚴重宗教衝突出現在英格蘭。伊麗莎白成為英國歷史上其中一位最著名的君主，特別是在1588年後，英格蘭人抵抗西班牙無敵艦隊的時候（一支龐大的艦隊）。
The Reformation in Scotland and Mary, Queen of Scots
蘇格蘭的宗教改革與蘇格蘭人的女王瑪麗
Scotland had also been strongly influenced by Protestant ideas. In 1560, the predominantly Protestant Scottish Parliament abolished the authority of the Pope in Scotland and Roman Catholic Religious services became illegal. A Protestant Church of Scotland with an elected leadership was established but, unlike in English, this was not a state Church.
蘇格蘭已經被新教思想強烈地影響。1560年，以新教為主的蘇格蘭議會廢除了教宗在蘇格蘭的權威，及羅馬天主教儀式變成非法的。一個蘇格蘭新教教會與由選舉產生的領導層被建立，但不同於英格蘭，這不是一個國家教會。
The queen of Scotland, Mary Stuart (often now called 'Mary, Queen of Scots') was a Catholic. She was only a week old when her father died and she became queen. Much of her childhood was spent in France.
蘇格蘭的女王，瑪麗•斯圖爾特（現在通常被稱為‘瑪麗，蘇格蘭人的女王’）是一名天主教徒。當她父親死去並成為女王時，她只有一週歲。她大部分童年都在法國渡過。
Mary was Elizabeth I's cousin...
瑪麗是伊麗莎白的表妹...
Exploration, poetry and drama
探險、詩歌與戲劇
The Elizabethan period in England was a time of growing patriotism: a feeling of pride in being English. English explorers sought new trade routes and tried to expand British trade into the Spanish colonies in the Americas.
伊麗莎白時代的英格蘭是一個愛國主義日益高漲的時代：一種作為英格蘭人的自豪感。英格蘭探險家尋求一條新的貿易路線，並嘗試把不列顛貿易擴展到西班牙在美洲的殖民地。
In Elizabeth I's time, English settlers first began to colonise the eastern coast of America. This colonisation, particularly by people who disagreed with the religious views of the next two kings, greatly increased in the next century.
在3伊麗莎白一世的時代，英格蘭殖民者首先開始在美洲東岸殖民化。這種殖民化，特別是那些不同意兩位國王的宗教觀點的人，在下一個世界大大地增加。
The Elizabethan period is also remembered for the richness of its poetry and drama, especially the plays and poems of William Shakespeare.
伊麗莎白時代也因為豐富的詩和戲劇而被記得，特別是莎士比亞的戲劇和詩詞。
James VI and I
詹姆斯六世與一世
Elizabeth I never married and so had no children of her own to inherit her throne. When she died in 1603 her heir was James VI of Scotland. He became King James I of England, Wales and Ireland, but Scotland remained a separate country.
伊麗莎白一世從未結婚，所以沒有孩子繼承她的王座。當她在1603年死後，她的繼承人是蘇格蘭的詹姆斯六世。他成為英格蘭、威爾斯與愛爾蘭王，詹姆斯一世，但蘇格蘭仍然是一個獨立國家。
Ireland
愛爾蘭
During this period, Ireland was an almost completely Catholic country. Henry VIII had extended English control outside the Pale and had established English authority over the whole country.
在這個時期，愛爾蘭幾乎完全地是一個天主教國家。亨利八世已經擴張英格蘭的控制範圍至帕萊地區以外，並在整個國家建立英格蘭的權威。
During the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I, many people in Ireland opposed rule by the Protestant government in England. There were a number of rebellions. The English government encouraged Scottish and English Protestants to settle in Ulster, the northern province of Ireland, taking over the land from Catholic landholders. These settlements were known as plantations.
在伊麗莎白一世和詹姆斯一世統治期間，許多愛爾蘭的人反對由英格蘭的新教徒政府統治。有大量叛亂發生。英格蘭政府鼓勵蘇格蘭和英格蘭新教徒定居在阿爾斯特，一個愛爾蘭北部的省，並從天主教徒地主手中接管土地。這些定居地被稱為種植園。
James later organised similar plantations in several other parts of Ireland. This had serious long-term consequences for the history of England, Scotland and Ireland.
詹姆斯後來組織了幾個類似的種植園在愛爾蘭其他地方。這對於英格蘭、蘇格蘭及愛爾蘭有長期的嚴重影響。
Day 8 17/7（英式格式，其實我應該每次都標日期的）
The Rise of Parliament
議會的堀起
James I and his son Charles I were less skilled politically. Both believed in the 'Divine Right of Kings': the idea that the king was directly appionted by God to rule.
詹姆斯一世與其兒子查理斯一世在政治上不熟練。兩人都相信‘國王的神聖權力’：國王由神直接任命統治的理念。
When Charles I inherited the thrones of England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland, he tried to rule in line with this principle. When he could not get Parliament to agree with his religious and foreign policies, he tried to rule without Parliament at all.
當查理斯一世繼承英國（此時已經是聯合王國，所以改翻譯為英國）王位，他嘗試按照這個原則統治。當他不能取得議會認同他的宗教與外交政策，他試圖沒有議會來進行統治。
The beginning of the English Civil War
英國內戰的開始
Charles I wanted the worship of the Church of England to include more ceremonies and introduced a revised Prayer Book. He tried to impose this Prayer Book on the Presbyterian Church in Scotland and this led to serious unrest. A Scottish army was formed and Charles could not find the money he needed for his own army without the help of Parliament. In 1640, he recalled Parliament to ask it for funds. Many in Parliament were Puritans, a group of Protestants who advocated strict and simple religious doctrine and worship. They did not agree with the king's religious views and disliked his reforms of the Church of England. Parliament refused to give the king the money he asked for, even after the Scottish army invaded England.
查理斯一世希望英格蘭教崇拜包含更多儀式和引入已修訂祈禱書。他試圖強加這本祈禱書給蘇格蘭長老教會，而這引發嚴重騷亂。一支蘇格蘭軍隊組成，查理斯一世沒有議會幫助下找不到他要的錢給他的私人軍隊。1640年，他召回議會要求資金。許多議會的人是清教徒，一群提倡嚴謹及簡約宗教教義和崇拜的新教徒。他們不同意國王的宗教觀點和改革英格蘭教會。議會拒絕給予他要求的錢，甚至在蘇格蘭軍隊入侵英格蘭後。
Another rebellion began in Ireland because the Roman Catholics in Ireland were afraid of the growing power of the Puritans. Parliament took this opportunity to demand control of the English army - a change that would have transferred substantial power from the king to Parliament.
另一場叛亂開在愛爾蘭，因為羅馬天主教會在愛爾蘭害怕日益壯大的清教徒力量。議會抓住這個機會要求控制英格蘭軍隊 - 一個從國王轉移重大權力給議會的改變。
Civil war between the king and Parliament could not now be avoided and began in 1642. The country split into those who supported the king (the Cavaliers) and those who supported Parliament (the Rondheads).
1642年，內戰現已無法避免並開始。國家分裂成那些支持國王的人（騎士團）和那些支持議會的人（the Roundheads).
Oliver Cromwell and the English Republic
奧利弗•克倫威爾和英格蘭共和國
The king's army was defeated at the Battle of Marston Moor and Naseby. By 1646, it was clear that Parliament had won the war. Charles was held prisoner by the parliament army.
國王的軍隊在馬斯頓沼澤和內斯比戰役中被擊敗。到了1646年，議會顯然已經贏得戰爭。查理斯被議會軍隊囚禁。
England declared itself a republic, called the Commonwealth. It no longer had a monarch.
英格蘭宣佈成為一個共和國，被稱為聯邦。它再也沒有君主。
The Scots had not agreed to the execution of Charles I and declared his son Charles II to be king.
蘇格蘭人沒有同意查理斯一世的行動並宣佈他的兒子查理斯二世成為國王。
Charles II escaped from Worcester, famously hiding in an Oak tree on one occasion, and eventually fled to Europe.
查理斯二世從伍斯特逃走，非常著名的有一次藏身在一棵橡樹中，最終逃往歐洲。
After his campaign in Ireland and victory over Charles II at Worcester, Cromwell was recognised as the leader of the new republic. He was given the title of Lord Protector and ruled until his death in 1658.
在他愛爾蘭的征戰和在伍斯特擊敗查理斯後，克倫威爾被認定為新共和國的領袖。他獲頒護國公頭銜並統治，直到在1658年死去。
Although Britain had been a republic for 11 years, without Oliver Cromwell there was no clear leader or system of government.
雖然不列顛已經成為共和國11年，但沒有清晰的領導和政府系統。
The Restoration
復闢
In May 1660, Parliament invited Charles II to come back from exile in the Netherlands. He was crowned King Charles II of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. Charles II made it clear that he had 'no wish to go on his travels again'.
在1660年5月，議會邀請查理斯二世從荷蘭流亡回來。他被加冕為英國國王。查理斯二世明確表示，他‘不想再旅行’。
The Church of England again became the established official Church. Both Roman Catholics and Puritans were kept out of power.
英格蘭教會再次成為官方教會。羅馬天主教徒和清教徒都被排除在權力之外。
During Charles II's reign, in 1665, there was a major outbreak of plague in London. Thousands of people died, especially in poorer areas. The following year, a great fire destroyed much of the city, including many churches and St. Pual's Cathedral.
在查理斯二世統治期間，1665年，倫敦發生一場大規模瘟疫爆發，數千人死去，尤其在貧窮地區。緊接一年，一場巨大火災摧毀了城市大部分地方，包許多教堂和聖保羅座堂。
The Habeas Corpus Act became law in 1679. This was a very important piece of legislation which remains relevant today. Habeas Corpus is Latin for 'you must present the person in court'. The Act guaranteed that no one could be held prisoner unlawfully. Every prisoner has a right to a court bearing.
人身保護令法在手679年成為法例。這是非常重要的立法，至今仍具有實際意義。人身保護令是拉丁文，‘你必須在法庭上展示那個人’。法例保證沒有人可以被非法監禁。所有犯人都有權參與法庭聽證會。
Charles II was interested in science. During his reign, the Royal Society was formed to promote 'natural knowledge'. This is the oldest surviving scientific society in the world.
查理斯二世對科學很感興趣。在他統治時，為推廣自然科學而組成英國皇家學會。它是世界上最古老的現存的科學學會。
A Catholic king
一個天主教徒國王
Charles II had no legitimate children. He died in 1685 and his brother, James, who was a Roman Catholic, became King James II in England, Wales and Ireland King James VII of Scotland. James favoured Roman Catholic and allowed them to be army officers which an Act of Parliament had forbidden. He did not seek to reach agreements with Parliament and arrested some of the bishops pf the Church of England.
查理斯二世沒有合法婚姻的子女。他在1685年死去，他的弟弟詹姆斯，一名天主教徒成為英格蘭、威爾斯和愛爾蘭國王詹姆斯二世，和蘇格蘭王詹姆斯七世。詹姆斯青睞羅馬天主教徒，允許他們擔任軍隊軍官，而議會法案是禁止的。他不尋求與議會達成同意並逮捕了一些英格蘭教會的主教。
The Glorious Revolution
光榮革命
James II's elder daughter, Mary, was married to her cousin William of Orange, the Protestant ruler of the Netherlands. In 1688, important Protestants in England asked William to invade England and proclaim himself king. When William reached England, there was no resistance. James fled to French and William took over the throne, becoming William II of Scotland. William ruled jointly with Mary. This event was later called the 'Glorious Revolution' because there was no fighting in England and because it guaranteed the power of Parliament, ending the threat of a monarch ruling on his or her own as he or she wished.
詹姆斯二世的長女瑪麗被許配給他的表哥，橘子的威廉，荷蘭的統治者。1688年，英格蘭一些重要的新教徒們叫威廉入侵英格蘭並宣告自己為國王。當威廉到達英格蘭，沒有任何阻礙。詹姆斯逃到法國，威廉接替王座，成為英國國王威廉三世。威廉與瑪麗一起統治。這次事件在之後被稱為光榮革命，因為在英格蘭沒有發生戰鬥，也因為議會的權力獲得保證，結束君主隨心所欲地統治的威脅。
William defeated James II at the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland in 1690, an event which is still celebrated by some in Northern Ireland today. William re-conquered Ireland and James fled back to France.
1690年，威廉在博因河戰役中擊敗詹姆斯，至今在北愛爾蘭仍有人慶祝這件事。威廉重新征服愛爾蘭，詹姆斯再次逃回法國。
An attempt at an armed rebellion in support of James was quickly defeated at Killiecrankie. All Scottish clans were required formally to accept William as king by taking an oath.
一場支持詹姆斯的武裝叛亂的企圖在Killiecrankie被迅速鎮壓。所有蘇格蘭氏族必要正式地通過宣誓，同意威廉作為國王。
Day 9 19/7
A global power
全球實力
Constitutional monarchy - the Bill of Rights
君主立憲制 - 權利法案
At the coronation of William and Mary, a Declaration of Rights was read. This confirmed that the king would no longer be able to raise taxes or administer justice without agreement from Parliament.
威廉和瑪麗在加冕典禮上宣讀了權利宣言。這確定了國王不可以再沒有議會的同意下加稅或管理司法。
The Bill of Rights, 1689, confirmed the rights of Parliament and the limits of the king's power. Parliament took control of who could be monarch and declared that the king or queen must be a Protestant. A new Parliament had to be elected at least every three years (later the became seven years and now it is five years). Every year the monarch had to ask Parliament to renew funding for the army and the navy.
1689年的權利法案確定了議會的權利和限制國王的力量。議會接管控制誰能成為君主，及宣佈該國王或女王必須是新教徒。新議會必須每三年（後來變成七年，現在是五年）被選出。每年君主都要要求議會更新給軍隊和海軍的資金。
..., the monarch needed to have advisers, or ministers, who would be able to ensure a majority of votes in the House of Commons and the House of Lords. There were two main groups in Parliament, known as the Whigs and Tories. (The modern Conservative Party is still sometimes referred to as the Tories.) This was the beginning of party politics.
君主需要有顧問或大臣，能確保在上議院和下議院是多數選票的人。議會有兩個主要團體，輝格黨和托利黨。（現代保守黨有時也會被稱為托利黨）。這是政黨政治的開始。
This was also an important time for the development of a free press (newspapers and other publications which are not controlled by the government). From 1695, newspaper were allowed to operate without a government licence. Increasing numbers of newspapers began to be published.
這也是一個發展新聞自由的重要時期（報章和其他刊物不受政府控制）。從1695年開始，經營報章可以沒有政府許可。越來越報章開始被發表。
The laws passed after the Glorious Revolution are the beginning of what is called 'constitutional monarchy'. The monarch remained very important but was no longer able to insist on particular policies or actions if Parliament did not agree.
在光榮革命後通過的法例是被稱為‘君主立憲制’的開始。君主仍然非常重要，但如果沒有議會同意，不可以再堅持特定法例或行動。
Only men who owned property of a certain value were able to vote. No women at all had the vote. Some constituencies were controlled by a single wealthy family. These were called 'pocket boroughs'. Other constituencies had hardly any votes and were called 'rotten boroughs'.
只有擁有一定價值資產的男性們可以投票。根本沒有女人有投票權。有些選區被個別富裕家族控制，這些被稱為‘袖珍行政區’。其他幾乎沒有任何選民的選區被稱為‘爛區’。
A growing population
人口增長
The first Jews to come to Britain since the Middle Ages settled in London in 1656. Between 1680 and 1720 many refugees called Huguenots came from France. They were protestants and had been persecuted for their religion. Many were educated and skilled and worked as scientists, in banking, or in weaving or other crafts.
1656年，中世紀以來第一批來到不列顛的猶太人定居在倫敦。在1680年至1720年之間，很多被稱為Huguenots的難民從法國而來。他們是因他們的宗教而受迫害的新教徒。很多人受過教育且有技術的，作為科學家工作，或從事銀行，紡織，或其他工藝。
The Act or Treaty of Union in Scotland
蘇格蘭聯合法案或條約
The Act of Union, know as the Treaty of Union in Scotland, was therefore agreed in 1707, creating the Kingdom of Great Britain. Although Scotland was no longer and independent country, it kept its own legal and education systems and Presbyterian Church.
聯合法案，即蘇格蘭聯合條例，因此於1707年達成，創建了大不列顛聯合王國。雖然蘇格蘭不再是獨立國家，但它保留它的法律和教育系統，還有長老會。
The Prime Minister
首相
When Queen Anne died in 1714, Parliament chose a German, George I, to be the next king, because he was Anne's nearest Protestant relative.
當安妮女王死於1714年，議會選擇一個德國人，喬治一世，成為下任國王，因為他是安妮最接近的新教徒親戚。
The most important minister in Parliament became known as the Prime Minister. The first man to be called this was Sir Robert Walpole, who was Prime Minister from 1721 to 1742.
議會中最重要的大臣能成為首相。第一個被這樣稱呼的人是羅伯特•沃波爾爵士，從1721年到1742年擔任首相。
The rebellion of the clans
氏族的叛亂
In 1745 there was another attempt to put a Stuart king back on the throne in place of George I's son, George II.
1745年，有一個企圖讓史都華國王重新回到王座的陰謀，取代喬治一世的兒子，喬治二世。
He was supported by clansmen from the Scottish highlands and raised an army. Charles initially had some successes but was defeated by George II's army at the Battle of Culloden in 1746.
他是由蘇格蘭高地的族人支持並組建了一支軍隊。查理斯最初取得一些成功，但1746年，在卡洛登之戰被喬治二世的軍隊擊敗。
The clans lost a lot of their power and influence after Culloden.
卡洛登之戰後，該氏族失去大量他們的力量和影響力。
A process began which became known as the 'Highland Clearances'. Many Scottish landlords destroyed individual small farms (known as 'crofts') to make space for large flocks of sheep and cattle. Evictions became very common in the early 19th century.
一個被稱為‘高地清理’的過程開始。很多蘇格蘭地主毁滅獨立小農場（即‘小農場’）以滕出空間給大羊群和牛群。在19世紀初期，驅逐變得非常普遍。
Day 10 5/8
The Enlightenment
啟蒙運動
During the 18 century, new ideas about politics, philosophy and science were developed. This is often called 'the Enlightnment'. Many of the great thinkers of the Enlightenment were Scottish.
在18世紀期間，新的政治、哲學及科學思想得到發展。這通常被稱為‘啟蒙運動’。很多啟蒙運動的偉大思想家都是蘇格蘭人。其中一個啟蒙運動的最重要的原則是每個人都應該擁有他們自己的政治及宗教信仰權利，國家不應該試圖對他們發號施令。
The Industrial Revolution
工業革命
Before 18 century, agriculture was the biggest source of employment in Britain. There were many cottage industries, ...
18世紀前，農業是英國最大的就業來源。有很多家庭手工業，...
The Industrial Revolution was the rapid development of industry in Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialise on a large scale. It happened because of the development of machinery and the use of steam power. Agriculture and the manufacturing of goods become mechanised.
工業革命是18、19世紀不列顛的快速的工業發展。不列顛是第一個大規模工業化的國家。它發生是因為機械發展和蒸氣動力的使用。農業和產品製造變得機械化。
Many people moved from the countryside a d started working inthe mining and manufacturing industries.
很多人從鄉郊地區搬來並開始在礦業和製造行業工作。
The development of the Bessemer process for the mass lroduction of steel led to the development of the shipbuilding inductry and the railways. Manufacturing jobs became the main source of employment in Britain.
大規模鋼鐵生產的貝塞默工藝的發展帶領造船業和鐵路發展。製造職位變成英國的主要就業來源。
Canals were built to link the factories to towns and cities and to the ports, particularly in the new industrial areas in the middle and north of England.
建造連接城鎮和港口的運河，特別是英格蘭中部和北部的新工業區。
This was also a time of increased colonisation overseas.
這也是增加海外殖民的時候
- The coast of Australia and a few colonies 澳洲海岸和一些殖民地
- To gain control over Canada and the East India Company 取得加拿大和東印度公司的控制權
- Large parts of India 大部分印度
- Southern Africa 南非
Britain traded all over the world and began to import more goods. Sugar and tobacco came from North America and the West Indies; textiles, tea and spices came from India and the area that is today called Indonesia. Trading and settlements overseas sometimes brought Britain into conflict with other countries, particularly France.
英國在全世界展開貿易，開始影更多產品。來自北美和西印度群島的糖和煙草；來自印度和現為印尼的地區的紡織品，茶葉和香料。海外貿易和定居有時帶給英國與其他國家的衝突，特別是法國。
The slave trade
奴隸貿易
This commercial expansion and prosperity was sustained in part by the booming slave trade. While slavery was illegal within Britain itself, by the 18th century it was a fully established overseas industry, dominated by Britain and the America colonies.
商業擴展和繁榮部分是因為發展蓬勃的奴隸貿易而持續。在英國國內奴隸制是違法的，但在18世紀則發展成成熟的海外產業，由英國和美洲殖民地主導。
The first formal anti-slavery groups were set up by the Quakers in the late 1700s, and they petitioned Parliament to ban the practice.
第一個正式反奴隸制團體由貴格會在1700年代末期設立，他們向國會請願禁止這些行為。
Along with other abolitionists (people who supported the abolition of slavery), he succeeded in the turning public opinion against the slave trade. In 1807, it became illegal to trade slaves in British ships or from British ports, and in 1833 the Emancipation Act abolished slavery throughout the British Empire.
與其他奴隸制廢除者（支持廢除奴的人）一起，William Wilberforce 成功扭轉公眾觀點反對奴隸制。1807年，在英國船上和港口交易奴隸變成違法，並且在1833年，解放奴隸法案禁止奴隸制至整個大英帝國。
After 1833, 2 million Indian and Chinese workers were employed to replace the freed slaves. They worked on sugar plantation in the Caribbean, in mines in South Africa, on railways in East Africa and in the army in Kenya.
1833年後，2百萬印度和中國工人受僱取代被釋放的奴隸。他們在加勒比地區的甘庶種植園、南非的礦場、東非鐵路和肯亞的軍隊工作。
Day 11 22/8
The American War of Independence
美國獨立戰爭
By 1760s, there were substantial British colonies in North America. The colonies were wealthy and largely in control of their own affairs.
1760年代，北美有很大量殖民地。這些殖民地很富裕，很大程度上控制他們自己的事務。
The British government wanted to tax the colonies. The colonists saw this as an attack on their freedom and said there should be 'no taxation without representation' in the British Parliament.
英國政府想向這些殖民地收稅。殖民者視之為對他們自由的攻擊，並說英國議會理應是‘沒有代表沒稅收’。
Fighting broke out between the colonists and the British forces. In 1776, 13 American colonies declared their independence, stating that people had a right to establish their own governments. The colonists eventually defeated the British army and Britain recognised the colonies' independence in 1783.
英軍與殖民者之間爆發戰爭。1776年，13個美洲殖民地宣佈他們獨立，陳述人們有權建立他們的政府。殖民者最終擊敗英軍，並在1783年，英國認同殖民地獨立。
War with France
與法國的戰爭
In 1789, there was a revolution in France and the new French government soon declared war on Britain. Napoleon, who became Emperor of France, continued the war. Britain's navy fought against combined French and Spanish fleets, winning the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
1789年，法國有一場革命，法國的新政府很快便向英國宣戰。成為法國皇帝的拿破崙繼續戰爭。英國的海軍對抗法國和西班牙的聯合艦隊，並在1805年的特拉法爾加之役戰勝。
The British army also fought against the French. In 1815, the French Wars ended with the defeat of the Emperor Napoleon by the Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo. Wellington was known as the Iron Duke and later became Prime Minister.
英國軍隊也有與法國戰鬥。1815年，與皇帝拿破崙對抗的法國戰爭被威靈頓公爵在滑鐵盧終結。威靈頓被稱為鐵公爵，稍後成為首相。
The Victorian Age
維多利亞時代
In 1837, Queen Victoria became queen of the UK at the age of 18. She reigned until 1901, almost 64 years. Her reign is known as the Victorian Age. It was a time when Britain increased in power and influence abroad. Within the UK, the middle classes became increasingly significant and a number of reformers led moves to improve conditions of life for the poor.
1837年，維多利亞女王18歲時成為英國的女王。她統治直到1901年，幾乎有64年。她的統治被稱為維多利亞時代。這是一個英國增強力量和廣泛影響的時候。在英國，中產階級變得日益重要，很多改革者領導改善窮人生活條件的行動。
The British Empire
大英帝國
During the Victorian period, the British Empire grew to cover all of India, Australia and large parts of Africa...more than 400 million people
維多利亞期間，大英帝國重新佔領全印度，澳洲和大部分非洲。...超過4億人口.
Many people were encouraged to leave the UK to settle overseas. Between 1853 and 1913, as many as 13 million British citizens left the country. People continued to come to Britain from other parts of the world.
很多人被鼓勵離開英國到海外定居。1853年至1913年之間，多達1300萬英國公民離開國家。人們繼續從世界其他地方來到英國。
Many settled in London's East End and in Manchester and Leeds.
很多人定居在倫敦最東部，曼城和利茲。
Day 11 13/9
Trade and industry
貿易與工業
Britain continued to be a great trading nation. The government began to promote policies of free trade, abolishing a number of taxes on imported goods. One example of this was the repealing of the Corn Laws in 1846. These had prevented the import of cheap grain.
英國繼續成為大貿易國。政府開始推廣自由貿易政策，廢除了一些進口商品的稅。其中一個例子是在1846年取消了玉米法。這些已經阻礙了便宜糧食的進口。
Working conditions in factories gradually became better. In 1847, the number of hours that women and children could work was limited by law to 10 hours per day.
工廠的勞動環境也逐漸改善。1847年，女人和小孩的工作時間被限制至每天10小時。
Transport links also improved, enbling goods and people to move more easily around the country.
交通連接也得到改善，使得商品和人在國內可以更容易地移動。
...the father and son George and Robert Stephenson pioneered the railway engine and a major expansion of the railways took place in the Victorian period. Railways were throught out the Empire. There were also great advances in other areas.
父子George和Robert Stephenson首創鐵路引擎，主要鐵路擴展在維多利亞時代進行。
British industry led the world in the 19th century. The UK produced more than half of the world's iron, coal and cotton cloth. The UK also became a centre for financial services, inculding insurance and banking.
英國工業在19世紀領導世界。英國生產全球超過一半的鋼鐵、碳、和綿布。英國還成為金融服務中心，包括保險和銀行服務。
The Crimean War
克里米亞戰爭
From 1853 to 1856, Britain fought with Turkey and France against Russia in the Crimean War. It was the first war to be extensively covered by the media through news stories and photographs. The conditions were very poor and many solders died from illnesses.
1853至1856年，英國與土耳其及法國於克里米亞戰爭中一起對抗俄羅斯。這是首次被媒體通過新聞文章和照片被廣泛報道的戰爭。環境十分惡劣，很多士兵死於疾病。
Ireland in the 19th century
19世紀的愛爾蘭
Conditions in Ireland were not as good as in the rest of the UK. Two-thrids of the population still depended on farming to make their living, often on very small plots of land. Many depended on potatoes as a large part of their diet. In the middle of the century the potatoes crop failed, and Ireland suffered a famine. A million people died from disease and starvation.
愛爾蘭的環境並不像英國其他地方那麽好。2/3人口仍依賴農耕生存，通常在一些非常小塊的土地上。很多人依賴馬鈴薯作為主食。在世紀中期，馬鈴薯收成欠佳，愛爾蘭遭遇飢荒。百萬人死於疾病和飢餓。
Some emigrated to the United States and others came to England.
有些人移民到美國，其他的來到英格蘭。
Some, such as Fenians, favoured complete independence. Others such as charles Stuart Parnell, advocated 'Home Rule', in which Ireland would remain in the UK but have its own parliament.
有些人，例如芬尼派，主張完全獨立。其的，例如Charles，提倡‘地方自治’, 也就是愛爾蘭會留在英國，但擁有自己的議會。
The right to vote
投票權
The Reform Act of 1832 had greatly increased the number of people (middle class) with the right to vote. The Act also abolished the old pocket and rotten boroughs and more parliamentary seats were given to the town and cities.
1832年的改革法案大大地增加有投票權的中產人數。法案還廢除了袖珍行政區和爛區，更多議席提供給城鎮。
... but voting was still based on ownership of property。This meant that members of the working class were still unable to vote.
...但投票仍基於資產擁有權，這意味著勞動階層的成員仍然無法投票。
A movement began to demand the vote for the working classes and other people without property.
一場運動開始要求給予勞動階層及其他無產人士選票。
...in 1867 there was another Reform Act. This created many more urban seats in Parliament and reduced the amount of property that people needed to have before they could vote. However, the majority of men still did not have the right to vote and no women could vote.
...1867年有另一場改善法案。這產生了大量更多的城市議席，降低人們可以投票前所需要擁有的資產量。然而，大部分男性仍沒有投票權，也沒有女人能投票。
Until 1870, when a woman got married, her earnings, property and money automatically belonged to her husband. Acts of Parliament in 1870 and 1882 gave wives the right to keep their own earnings and property.
直到1870年，當一個女人結婚，她的收入，物業和存款都自動地屬於她的丈夫。1870年和1882年的議會法案給妻子們有權保留自己的收入和物業。
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries,...They formed the women's suffrage movement and became known as 'suffragettes'.
在19世紀後期及20世紀初期，...他們發起女性投票權運動，成為‘婦女參政權論者’。
