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有聽過X-Woman嗎?~~人類演化將要改寫,西伯利亞疑似發現新人種

作者:Jessica的老公│2010-03-27 23:49:30│巴幣:0│人氣:2585
OK,好久沒發科學相關的文章。
雖然此類型文章在部落格中一向比較冷門,
但寫起來往往要耗比較大的精神(因為除了翻譯外,還要看他們的研究成果)。
雖然個人所學是醫學藥化並非人類考古學,
但憑著對這方面一點興趣,還是盡力去整理這篇研究內容。

原文來自德國萊比錫的馬克斯普朗克進化人類學研究所。如以往,每段後為其翻譯
大家參考參考吧。


A New Human Relative from the Siberian Mountains

(來自西伯利亞山的新人種)

作者:Cinthia Briseño
來源:MPI für evolutionäre Anthropologie

(丹尼索娃洞考古現場)

Have scientists identified a "homo incognitus" -- apreviously unknown human species? Finger bones dating from 30,000 years agowere unearthed in southern Siberia. Its genesdiffer from those of modern humans as well as Neanderthals, and Germanscientists think they are onto a sensation.

科學家鑑定了一個『不明人種』。他是一種前所未知的人類嗎?不明人種的手指骨在西伯利亞南部丹尼索娃洞出土,其年代可追溯到3萬年前。他的基因明顯與現代人類和尼安德特人有所不同,德國的科學家認為這將是個轟動事件。

尼安德特人

John Krause checked his findings again and again. Somehow hecouldn't believe what the analysis was showing. The scientist wanted to makesure he was right before phoning his boss, the renowned evolutionary geneticsspecialist Svante Pääbo. Did the DNA really stem from a previously unknownhuman form?

研究員約翰克勞斯一次又一次的檢查調查結果。不知怎的,他無法相信的分析顯示。克勞斯希望在打電話給老闆前確定結果是真實無誤,著名的進化遺傳學專家斯萬特帕博。難道這DNA檢體真的來自於一個從未發現的新人種?

丹尼索娃洞位置

The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig had just 30milligrams of bone powder available to carry out its genetic analysis. Fromthat sample, Krause and his colleagues isolated the DNA of a primitive humanwho had lived anywhere between 30,000 and 48,000 years ago in the Denisova Cave in theAltai Mountains of southern Siberia. Thescientist began with low expectations, seeing the job as a "routineinvestigation of an ancient fossil," Krause told SPIEGEL ONLINE."That piece of bone was sold to us as a specimen from early modernhumans." Russian scientists had unearthed the fossil fragment in 2008.

萊比錫的馬克斯普朗克進化人類學研究所以僅僅30毫克骨粉進行遺傳分析。克勞斯和他的同事分離出不明原始人類骨骸中的DNA。而這骨骸是於2008年從丹尼索瓦洞(Denisova Cave出土,根據地層碳定年法可追溯至3萬至4萬八千年前之間。起先,科學家期望頗為低落,以為這只是古代化石的例行調查。諷刺的是,這一塊骨頭卻是由早期的現代人類,由俄羅斯人在2009年出土,然後賣給了我們作為一個標本。

(丹尼索娃洞)

Isolating DNA from fossil bones is no easy task, not least becausethe ancient pieces of bone also contain DNA from other organisms such asbacteria or fungi, possibly even from other early humans. If laboratoryconditions fail to meet the strictest standards, there is the risk ofcontaminating the sample with the genetic material of a present-day scientist.

分離並提取骨骼化石的DNA不是件容易的事,這不僅是因為古代骨樣本還包含其他生物的DNA,如細菌或真菌,甚至可能參雜其他遠古人類的遺骸。如果實驗室條件不符合最嚴格的標準,這將使當今科學家要承擔樣本遺傳物質有受到污染的風險。

(MPI實驗室寫真)

So Krause had to rule out these factors. But eventually he believedthe genetic material was several thousand years old, harbored intact within thecells of a small chunk of bone, no bigger than a cherry pip. Whichever way heexamined the find, the DNA sequence did not resemble anything anyanthropologist had ever seen before. Had the Max Planck researchers discovereda new species of early man? Did it belong to an unknown hominin, whose DNAdiffered so much from Neanderthal and early modern humans that it couldrevolutionize our understanding of the evolution of man?

因此,克勞斯必須排除這些干擾因素。但他終究認為包藏在這個小塊骨頭中完整的細胞內的遺傳物質大概有數千年的歷史。無論怎樣,他在研究發現,DNA序列並沒有任何東西像人類學家曾經見過的。如果馬克斯普朗克研究人員發現一個新物種的早期人類?他是否屬於一個未知的人族,他們的DNA這麼多不同從尼安德特人與現代人類的早期,他可以徹底改變我們了解人類進化?

(處理骨樣本)

Bred in the Bone

The genetic material found in the Denisova Caveis a complete sequence of so-called mitochondrial DNA, the genetic materialfound in a cell's mitochondria. Within these organelles, the cell's powerplants, biochemical processes take place which enable the survival of a wholeorganism. Each mitochondrion has its own genome, which is passed from mothersto offspring.

丹尼索瓦洞中發現的遺傳物質是一個完整粒腺體DNA序列,此遺傳物質是存在於細胞的粒腺體。粒腺體是細胞的發電廠,在此發生生化反應,使整個有機體得以生存。每一個粒腺體都有自己的粒腺體基因組,這是由母親傳遞給後代

圖的右邊就是說明『粒腺體DNA是由母系所遺傳』,而和染色體是父方母方各出一半

And each cell has approximately 8,000 copies of mitochondrial DNA.But the mitochondrial genome is far smaller than the nuclear genome. Onlyaround 16,500 building blocks (or base pairs) sit side-by-side in themitochondrial DNA, compared to approximately three billion in the DNA of thenucleus.

每個細胞大約有8000份粒腺體DNA。但粒腺體基因組規模是遠遠小於細胞核基因組。約只有16,500鹼基對,而細胞核大約有3億多個鹼基對。

Every base pair of the mitochondrial DNA was sequenced by Krauseover and over again, up to an average of 156 times each. Afterwards researcherscompared the mitochondrial DNA sequence with others -- including 54 sequencesbelonging to modern man, one belonging to a recently discovered early humanfrom Kotenski in Russia,six from Neanderthals, and one each from a bonobo and a chimpanzee.

克勞斯一遍又一遍為粒腺體 DNA鹼基對測序,平均達到156次。後來研究人員比較此未知人種線粒體DNA序列與其他人種的 其中包括54個屬於現代人序列,一個屬於最近在俄羅斯Kotensk發現的早期人類,6個來自尼安德特人,和每一個從矮黑猩猩和黑猩猩。

(紅圈為丹尼索娃洞檢體出土所在,及其他比對樣本出土所在)

The mitochondrial DNA of Neanderthals differs on average in 202 waysfrom the mitochondrial DNA of modern humans. There were twice as manydifferences separating the Denisova Cave individual frommodern man.

結果顯示,未知人種的粒腺體DNA與尼安德特人的不同,平均有202個區段有別於現代人類粒腺體 DNA。而丹尼索娃洞穴人相比現代人種的差異性是上述的兩倍。

(未知人DNA差異比尼安特人還大)

Amazing Results

"The results practically blew me away when I heard," saysSvante Pääbo, director of the genetics department at the Max Planck Institute,who received the phone call while he was in the US. Once Pääbo had convincedhimself of the findings, he too was certain that the science of human evolutionwas about to change.

馬克斯普朗克研究所遺傳學系的主任斯萬特帕博說:『當我聽到這些結果,幾乎把我嚇倒了』,當他在美國接到電話如此表示。一旦帕博確信了自己的調查結果,他也相信,人類進化科學是即將改變。

馬克斯普朗克研究所遺傳學系的主任斯萬特帕博

So how should we understand this stranger from southern Siberia, if not as an early modern man or as aNeanderthal? Researchers still don't know the hominin's gender. To find out,Pääbos' research team needs to examine the nuclear genome, one base pair at atime. Only then can they make more precise statements about the skin and eyecolor, blood type, or the health of the specimen. These investigations arepainstaking but not impossible: A Danish research team recently gleaned similarinformation from a 4,000-year-old hair belonging to a Paleolithic eskimo.

因此,我們應如何理解這次發現。來自西伯利亞南部丹尼索娃洞的陌生人,既不是早期現代人也不是尼安德特人?研究人員仍然不知道人族的性別。為了找到答案,帕博的研究團隊需要檢查細胞核基因組,一個鹼基對一次。只有這樣,才能更精確的評估皮膚和眼睛的顏色,血型,或在健康方面。這些調查非常艱苦,但不是不可能做到:丹麥的研究小組最近收集的類似的資料,從距今4000歲,舊石器時代愛斯基摩人的頭髮。

(洞內實景)

For years, anthropologists believed only two species of the genusHomo lived on earth around 40,000 years ago. The first group, Neanderthals,lived in large areas of Europe and northern Asia,but disappeared some 25,000 years ago for reasons which are not completelyclear. The other group, anatomically modern humans -- our direct ancestors --scattered across Eurasia after leaving theAfrican continent.

多年來,人類學家認為只有兩個直立人屬種,生活距今大約40萬年前的地球上。第一,尼安德特人,住在大面積的歐洲和亞洲北部,但大約於25,000年前消失,原因則不清楚。另一組,解剖學上的現代人 現今人類的直系祖先 - 離開非洲大陸後分散橫跨在歐亞大陸。

(X-Woman的遺骨)

Until now researchers have also assumed at least three waves ofemigration from Africa, one of which tookplace about 1.9 million years ago, when an earlier group of hominins, Homoerectus, left the continent. While there are fossils to prove that Homo erectusmay have survived in Indonesiauntil up to 100,000 years ago, there is no evidence that the species might haveexisted on the Asian mainland as recently as 30,000 or 40,000 years ago -- theera of the Denisova finger.

到目前為止,研究人員仍假設至少有三波來自非洲的移民潮,其中一個發生約190萬年前,當早期古人類群體,直立人離開非洲大陸。雖然有化石證明,直立人可能生存在印度尼西亞,直至達到10萬年前,沒有任何證據表明,在最近的30,00040,000年前(丹尼索娃洞手指的時代)有人種可能存在於亞洲大陸-

A New Human Family Tree
新的人類親緣樹

There seems to be only one way to explain the discovery of thispreviously unknown strand of DNA: Denisova hominins and the ancestors of themodern human as well as the Neanderthals must have shared a common ancestorabout one million years ago. That ancestor is about twice as old as the knowncommon ancestor of anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals (Homoheidelbergensis).

似乎只有一種方式來解釋這一未知的DNA鏈的發現:就是大約1百萬年前,丹尼索娃洞人和人類祖先的現代人類和尼安德特人必須有一個共同的祖先。而這祖先出現時間應該兩倍於目前在解剖學認定上為現代人類和尼安德特人的共同祖先~~海德堡人。

丹尼索娃洞人起源時更早於尼安特人

Moreover, the researchers conclude from the age of the mitochondrialgenome that this previously unknown form of human must have lived alongsideNeanderthals and modern humans.

此外,研究人員得出結論,從粒腺體基因組的年齡推斷,這未知形式的人類必須與尼安德特人、現代人類共存。

The researchers are absolutely certain that they are dealing with ahitherto unknown mitochondrial genome which strongly suggests a new form ofhominin. This would also suggest a fourth wave of emigration from Africa.

研究人員可以肯定,根據粒腺體基因組,他們面對的是一個前所未有的、一種新形式的人族。這也指出存在第四波來自非洲的移民潮。

After the release of these sensational results, the MaxPlanck researchers will be forced to respond to the same questions theyencountered when they discovered the first version of the Neanderthal genome:How did this unknown hominin live? Why did they disappear? And: DidNeanderthals and modern humans fornicate with this Siberian stranger?

這些聳人聽聞的結果發佈後,德國馬克斯普朗克研究人員將被迫作出回應,而這些問題等同於當年他們發現了首個版本的尼安德特人基因:例如,這未知人族如何生活?為什麼會消失?是否尼安德特人與現代人類 fornicate(其意為雜交、私通之意)這西伯利亞陌生人?

'X-Woman'

To get answers to these questions one will have to wait until thescientists from Leipzighave analyzed the stranger's entire genome. It would help the researchers iffurther fossilized bones of this kind were found, which would enable study ofthe hominin's physique.

等到萊比錫的科學家分析了未知人的整個基因組才能回答上述問題。倘若有類似的化石骨陸續出土,相信將有助於研究人員進一步研究此未知人族的體質。

(考古隊實景)

Krause and Pääbo, speaking at a press conference Tuesday, said thatany further statements at this point would amount to pure speculation. Theresearchers won't even announce their intention to present a new name for thishominin as they can't yet be 100% sure it represents a whole new species."The terminology of human species is rather tricky," Pääbo says.

克勞斯和帕博,在一個新聞發布會時說,就在現今既有的認知下,任何進一步的說明就等於純粹的投機。研究人員甚至不宣布他們打算為這個未知人族提出一個新的名稱,因為他們還不能100%肯定他真的代表了一個全新的人種。帕博說:人類的專業術語總是比較棘手。』(德國人做研究就是秉持嚴謹,不浮誇)

Internally, the researchers refer to the new hominin form as"X-Woman." The "X" stands for the unknown factor, and"woman" merely represents the fact that mitochondrial DNA isinherited from the mother. Pääbo restrains himself: "Whether or not weacademics speak of a new species and give it a new name is just a matter ofpride, nothing else."

在他們自己研究團隊中,他們常用『X-女人』來代表這個來自西伯利亞丹尼索娃洞的未知人種X代表未知的因素,而『女人』,只不過是粒腺體DNA是遺傳自母親。帕博謙抑地說:『無論我們的學者提到的是一個新物種並給它取一個新名字,這僅僅是因為榮耀,沒有別的意思。』

若對人類起源有興趣的話,可參考之前整理的部分(下有連結)
http://ref.gamer.com.tw/1000002/*http://home.gamer.com.tw/blogDetail.php?owner=yates&sn=9803

(X-Woman ?)

引用網址:https://home.gamer.com.tw/TrackBack.php?sn=566085
All rights reserved. 版權所有,保留一切權利

相關創作

同標籤作品搜尋:|X-Woman|尼安特人|現代人|丹尼索娃洞|粒腺體|DNA|西伯利亞|X女人|人類起源|

留言共 10 篇留言

風岑
竟然連原文都有了,感謝分享

03-28 01:02

Jessica的老公
很令人訝異的研究,
看來非洲單一起源不見得能解釋目前所有的發現。03-28 14:50
絕倫逸群
很多流傳幾百年的科學"事實"越來越站不住腳了Orz

03-28 01:27

Jessica的老公
沒錯
隨著分子遺傳鑑定的進步
傳統依賴解剖與骨骼量測的分類學
都面臨挑戰。03-28 14:52
資料讀取中...
讚 精華文章 安安

03-28 05:49

Jessica的老公
繼續看看有什麼有趣的研究
再報給大家03-28 14:53
NUTIEN
剛看文章標題
我以為X戰警的人種真的被發現了.....XD

03-28 09:55

Jessica的老公
呵呵
剛開始我也是這樣想
後來瞭解這次發現,在人類演化學上
也算是『投下一顆震撼彈哩。』03-28 14:55
幻影.風
...前人的研究就是準備被推翻的是吧

03-28 11:02

Jessica的老公
呵呵~~
隨著出土遺骸的增加
應該會有越來越多爆炸性研究03-28 14:57
阿啡
一瞬間,我聯想到了暴風女.....

03-28 12:09

Jessica的老公
哈哈
也有人說該不會挖到『魔形女』了吧~~~03-28 14:58
不營養大雞排-Snow
有金剛狼和暴風女嗎?

ㄎㄎ

03-28 12:50

Jessica的老公
2003年印尼還出土過哈比人唷(Homo habilis)

遺骸的歷史大概有一萬八千年,他們身高約一公尺,體重約30 公斤,會製造工具來狩獵,也許至8000年前他們還存在於佛羅勒斯島(Flores island),科學家稱他們為佛羅勒斯人(Homo floresiensis),科學家們還給他們取了個外號「哈比人」。03-28 15:02
YAM
GJ

03-29 22:43

Jessica的老公
繼續加油喔03-30 00:00
哈哈小熊
所以說聖經上面的亞當和夏娃就是4萬年前在非洲 (當時是伊甸園 )
之後它們的子孫分批 移出
直到發生亞伯該隱事件,整個非洲才變沙漠

這種科學無法證明的只好交給神學去處理了

03-31 13:18

哈哈小熊
歹勢
忘了推一下

03-31 13:19

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