這個美國國籍可以在提出非自願的「優勢證據」之後恢復
（but such presumption may be rebutted upon a showing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the act or acts committed or performed were not done voluntarily. ）
§ 1481 。 Loss of nationality by native-born or naturalized citizen; voluntary action; burden of proof; presumptions
喪失國籍的，由本土出生或歸化公民;志願行動;舉證責任;推定
(a) A person who is a national of the United States whether by birth or naturalization, shall lose his nationality by voluntarily performing any of the following acts with the intention of relinquishing United States nationality—
（ a ） 無論是出生或移民的美國公民，其自由意識表達下列任何一種行為或意向，即喪失其美國國籍
(1) obtaining naturalization in a foreign state upon his own application or upon an application filed by a duly authorized agent, after having attained the age of eighteen years; or
（ 1 ） 在外國取得入籍，無論是他自己申請或代理申請，經過正式授權，並且年齡在18歲以上 ;或
(2) taking an oath or making an affirmation or other formal declaration of allegiance to a foreign state or a political subdivision thereof, after having attained the age of eighteen years; or
（ 2 ） 以宣誓或作出肯定或其他正式宣布效忠外國國家或政治分支機構，並且年齡在18歲以上 ;或
(3) entering, or serving in, the armed forces of a foreign state if
（ 3 ） 進入，或為其服務，外國武裝部隊的國家，如果
(A) such armed forces are engaged in hostilities against the United States, or
（一） 如武裝部隊所從事的敵對行動，對美國，或
(B) such persons serve as a commissioned or non-commissioned officer; or
（二） 等人充當委託或士官;或
(4) （ 4 ）
(A) accepting, serving in, or performing the duties of any office, post, or employment under the government of a foreign state or a political subdivision thereof, after attaining the age of eighteen years if he has or acquires the nationality of such foreign state; or
（一） 接受，在服務，或執行職務的任何職位，張貼，或就業，根據政府的外國國家或政治分支機構，實現後，並且年齡在18歲以上，如果他有或取得國籍，如外國國家;或
(B) accepting, serving in, or performing the duties of any office, post, or employment under the government of a foreign state or a political subdivision thereof, after attaining the age of eighteen years for which office, post, or employment an oath, affirmation, or declaration of allegiance is required; or
（二） 接受，在服務，或執行職務的任何職位，張貼，或就業，根據政府的外國國家或政治分支機構，實現後， 18歲以下的為辦公室，張貼，或就業的宣誓，肯定，或聲明的效忠是需要;或
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依據此條李慶安喪失美國國籍
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(5) making a formal renunciation of nationality before a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States in a foreign state, in such form as may be prescribed by the Secretary of State; or
（ 5 ） 執行主動放棄國籍時，可藉由國外的美國領事官員，或擁有相同權利的當地官員;或
(6) making in the United States a formal written renunciation of nationality in such form as may be prescribed by, and before such officer as may be designated by, the Attorney General, whenever the United States shall be in a state of war and the Attorney General shall approve such renunciation as not contrary to the interests of national defense; or
（ 6 ） 在美國的正式書面放棄國籍，在這種形式可予訂明，和前幹事可能指定的，總檢察長，每當美國應在一個國家的戰爭和總檢察長應批准這種放棄，因為不違背的利益，國防;或
(7) committing any act of treason against, or attempting by force to overthrow, or bearing arms against, the United States, violating or conspiring to violate any of the provisions of section 2383 of title 18 , or willfully performing any act in violation of section 2385 of title 18 , or violating section 2384 of title 18 by engaging in a conspiracy to overthrow, put down, or to destroy by force the Government of the United States, or to levy war against them, if and when he is convicted thereof by a court martial or by a court of competent jurisdiction.
（ 7 ） 承諾的任何行為叛國罪，或企圖以武力推翻，或攜帶武器的打擊，美國，侵犯或陰謀違反任何規定，第2383名銜18 ，或隨意表演的任何行為在違反第2385名銜18 ，或違反第2384所有權的18所，從事陰謀推翻，放下，或摧毀用武力，美國政府，或加徵戰爭對他們的，如果當他是被定罪的有由軍事法庭或由具有司法管轄權的法院。
(b) Whenever the loss of United States nationality is put in issue in any action or proceeding commenced on or after September 26, 1961 under, or by virtue of, the provisions of this chapter or any other Act, the burden shall be upon the person or party claiming that such loss occurred, to establish such claim by a preponderance of the evidence.
（ｂ） 每當喪失美國國籍的任何行動或訴訟展開，在1961年9月26日之後，或憑藉，本章規定的或任何其他行為，應負擔後，人或黨聲稱，如發生損失，建立此類索賠要求由一個優勢的證據。
Any person who commits or performs, or who has committed or performed, any act of expatriation under the provisions of this chapter or any other Act shall be presumed to have done so voluntarily, but such presumption may be rebutted upon a showing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the act or acts committed or performed were not done voluntarily.
任何人犯下或執行，或誰已承諾的表現，任何的行為違背本章規定的任何一章節，將假定是依其自由意識行動，這種假定可被推翻，但必須提出一個優勢的證據，證明該行為或表現均非自願。
而這條規則僅適用於
Section 349(a)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) ( 8 USC 1481(a)(5) )
也就是上面那個§ 1481底下的(a)(5) 這個部分，執行主動放棄
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(5) making a formal renunciation of nationality before a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States in a foreign state, in such form as may be prescribed by the Secretary of State; or
（ 5 ） 執行主動放棄國籍時，可藉由國外的美國領事官員，或擁有相同權利的當地官員;或
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A. THE IMMIGRATION & NATIONALITY ACT
A.移民與國籍法
Section 349(a)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) ( 8 USC 1481(a)(5) ) is the section of law that governs the ability of a United States citizen to renounce his or her US citizenship.
第349條（一） （ 5 ）移民和國籍法（INA） （ 8全面服務補貼的1481 （一） （ 5 ） ）針對這部分法律，執行放棄美國國籍之程序。
That section of law provides for the loss of nationality by voluntarily performing the following act with the intent to relinquish his or her US nationality:
該段規定，對於喪失國籍的自動執行下列行為與意圖放棄他或她的美國國籍：
"(5) making a formal renunciation of nationality before a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States in a foreign state , in such form as may be prescribed by the Secretary of State" (emphasis added). “
（ 5 ）作出了正式放棄國籍之前，外交或領事官員，美國在外國的國家 ，在這種形式可予訂明由國務大臣” （著重號另加） 。
B. ELEMENTS OF RENUNCIATION 乙分子放棄
A person wishing to renounce his or her US citizenship must voluntarily and with intent to relinquish US citizenship:
一個人願意放棄他或她的美國國籍，必須自願並意圖放棄美國國籍：
appear in person before a US consular or diplomatic officer,
出現在人前，美國領事或外交人員，
in a foreign country (normally at a US Embassy or Consulate); and
在外國的國家（通常在美國大使館或領事館） ;
sign an oath of renunciation
簽署一份宣誓放棄
Renunciations that do not meet the conditions described above have no legal effect.
放棄不符合條件上文所述，沒有任何法律效力。
Because of the provisions of section 349(a)(5), Americans cannot effectively renounce their citizenship by mail, through an agent, or while in the United States.
因為條文第349條（一） （ 5 ） ，美國人不能有效地放棄他們的公民身份，通過郵寄，透過代理人，或而在美國。
In fact, US courts have held certain attempts to renounce US citizenship to be ineffective on a variety of grounds, as discussed below.
事實上，在美國法院舉行了某些企圖放棄美國國籍是無效的對各種理由，正如下面所討論的。
C. REQUIREMENT - RENOUNCE ALL RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES
長的要求-放棄所有的權利和特權
In the case of Colon v. US Department of State , 2 F.Supp.2d 43 (1998), plaintiff was a United States citizen and resident of Puerto Rico, who executed an oath of renunciation before a consular officer at the US Embassy in Santo Domingo.
在該案件結腸五，美國國務院， 2 f.supp.2d第43條第（ 1998 ） ，原告是一名美國公民和居民，波多黎各，誰執行的宣誓放棄之前，領事官員在美國駐華大使館聖多明各。
The US District Court for the District of Columbia rejected Colon’s petition for a writ of mandamus directing the Secretary of State to approve a Certificate of Loss of Nationality in the case because the plaintiff wanted to retain one of the primary benefits of US citizenship while claiming he was not a US citizen.
美國地方法院哥倫比亞特區拒絕結腸的請願書令狀mandamus指揮國務大臣批准證書，喪失國籍的在如此，因為原告希望保留其中一個主要的好處，美國籍，而聲稱他是不是一個美國公民。
The Court described the plaintiff as a person, "claiming to renounce all rights and privileges of United States citizenship, [while] Plaintiff wants to continue to exercise one of the fundamental rights of citizenship, namely to travel freely throughout the world and when he wants to, return and reside in the United States."
中描述的法院的原告作為一個人“ ，聲稱要放棄所有的權利和特權的美國公民身份， [而]原告要繼續行使的基本權利之一，公民，即自由旅行，整個世界，當他想向，返回和居住在美國“ 。
See also Jose Fufi Santori v. United States of America , 1994 US App.也見聖荷西fufi santori訴美利堅合眾國， 1994年美國的亞洲漿紙。 LEXIS 16299 (1994) for a similar case.詞彙16299 （ 1994 ）一個類似的案件。
A person who wants to renounce US citizenship cannot decide to retain some of the privileges of citizenship, as this would be logically inconsistent with the concept of renunciation.一個人誰願意放棄美國公民身份並不能決定保留的一些特權的公民，因為這將不符合邏輯的概念，放棄。 Thus, such a person can be said to lack a full understanding of renouncing citizenship and/or lack the necessary intent to renounce citizenship, and the Department of State will not approve a loss of citizenship in such instances.因此，這樣一個人可以說是缺乏充分認識放棄公民權和/或缺乏必要的意圖，放棄公民資格，部和國家是不會批准的損失公民在這種情況。
D. DUAL NATIONALITY / STATELESSNESS 四雙重國籍/無國籍
Persons intending to renounce US citizenship should be aware that, unless they already possess a foreign nationality, they may be rendered stateless and, thus, lack the protection of any government.人打算放棄美國國籍應該知道，除非他們已經擁有外國國籍，他們可能會變成無國籍，因此，缺乏保護的任何政府。 They may also have difficulty traveling as they may not be entitled to a passport from any country.它們也可能有困難的旅行，因為他們可能沒有資格領取護照從任何國家。 Even if they were not stateless, they would still be required to obtain a visa to travel to the United States, or show that they are eligible for admission pursuant to the terms of the Visa Waiver Pilot Program (VWPP).即使他們不是無國籍人士，他們仍然會須取得簽證前往美國，或表明他們有資格入學依據的條款，免簽證的試驗計劃（ vwpp ） 。 If found ineligible for a visa or the VWPP to come to the US, a renunciant, under certain circumstances, could be barred from entering the United States.如發現有不符合簽證，或vwpp來美國， renunciant ，在某些情況下，可能會被禁止進入美國。 Nonetheless, renunciation of US citizenship may not prevent a foreign country from deporting that individual back to the United States in some non-citizen status.儘管如此，放棄美國國籍可能無法防止外國驅逐個別回美國在一些非公民的地位。
E. TAX & MILITARY OBLIGATIONS /NO ESCAPE FROM PROSECUTION e.消費稅及兵役義務/無法逃脫被起訴
Also, persons who wish to renounce US citizenship should also be aware that the fact that a person has renounced US citizenship may have no effect whatsoever on his or her US tax or military service obligations (contact the Internal Revenue Service or US Selective Service for more information).此外，人誰願意放棄美國籍，應該也知道，這樣一個事實，即人已放棄美國籍，可能有任何影響，無論對他或她的美國稅或兵役義務（聯繫國內稅收服務或美國的選擇性服務，為更多的信息） 。 In addition, the act of renouncing US citizenship will not allow persons to avoid possible prosecution for crimes which they may have committed in the United States, or escape the repayment of financial obligations previously incurred in the United States or incurred as United States citizens abroad.此外，該法放棄美國國籍將不容許的人，以免被檢控的罪行，他們可能已經在美國，或逃避償還的財政義務，以前的費用在美國或招致美國公民在國外。
F. RENUNCIATION FOR MINOR CHILDREN 樓放棄為未成年子女
Parents cannot renounce US citizenship on behalf of their minor children.家長不能放棄美國國籍，代表他們的未成年子女。 Before an oath of renunciation will be administered under Section 349(a)(5) of the INA, a person under the age of eighteen must convince a US diplomatic or consular officer that he/she fully understands the nature and consequences of the oath of renunciation, is not subject to duress or undue influence, and is voluntarily seeking to renounce his/her US citizenship.前宣誓放棄，將管理下，第349條（一） （ 5 ）對INA，一個人下， 18歲以下的必須說服美國的外交或領事人員，他/她完全理解的性質和後果的誓言放棄，並不受脅迫或不正當的影響，並尋求自願放棄他/她的美國國籍。
G. IRREVOCABILITY OF RENUNCIATION g. irrevocability放棄
Finally, those contemplating a renunciation of US citizenship should understand that the act is irrevocable, except as provided in section 351 of the INA ( 8 USC 1483 ), and cannot be canceled or set aside absent successful administrative or judicial appeal.最後，那些contemplating放棄美國公民身份應該明白，該法令是不可撤銷的，除提供在第351的INA（ 8南加大1483 ） ，和不能被取消或擱置缺席成功的行政或司法上訴。 (Section 351(b) of the INA provides that an applicant who renounced his or her US citizenship before the age of eighteen can have that citizenship reinstated if he or she makes that desire known to the Department of State within six months after attaining the age of eighteen. See also Title 22, Code of Federal Regulations, section 50.20). （第351 （ b ）該INA的規定，申請人誰放棄他或她的美國國籍前， 18歲以下的可以有公民身份的恢復，如果他或她，使這一願望，眾所周知，該署的國家後6個月內實現的年齡的18 。亦見標題22日，聯邦條例法典，第50.20 ） 。
Renunciation is the most unequivocal way in which a person can manifest an intention to relinquish US citizenship.放棄是最明確的方式，一個人可以體現一個打算放棄美國國籍。 Please consider the effects of renouncing US citizenship, described above, before taking this serious and irrevocable action.請考慮的影響，放棄美國國籍，如上文所述，然後才採取這樣嚴重的和不可逆轉的行動。 If you have any further questions regarding this matter, please contact:如果您有任何進一步的問題，關於這件事，請聯絡：
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美國移民法之美國國籍喪失標準
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