[翻譯] 玻士尼西亞金字塔 - 破解 翻譯

這篇文之所以發出，主因是為了板面一篇筆戰的討論，但最後被我鎖定了 :(

這邊我不想去爭論或證明玻士尼西亞金字塔是否天然或人為，只是順來翻譯一篇地質學者的原文做參考。其實我對玻士尼西亞金字塔，內心的小惡魔仍然小聲地跟我說：

翻譯 FROM：http://irna.lautre.net/Geology-of-the-Bosnian-pyramids.html
原作者：Irna
原發文時間：2006/11/25 星期六

In the beginning was a lake
本來是一座湖

A multi-layered sedimentary sandwich - or sedimentary "mille-feuilles"

lacustrine sediment from the Middle Miocene (M2 on the map), characterized by the predominance of thin sediment (mostly marls and clays) with few sandstone layers, and by a stratification with multiple thin layers, indicating a paleoenvironment of shallow waters with alternate drying and flooding ("lagunal" type but in freshwater). These layers are well represented at the confluence of Bosna and Fojnicka rivers, and they are forming the foundations of Pljesevica hill, where they are visible at the level where most of the excavations are conducted, at the base of the hill:

從中部中新世(Miocene -地圖上的 M2所示) 的湖沼沈積物(lacustrine sediment)時期，係由佔絕大多數、帶著少數沙岩薄層、且具多重薄層層理(大多是泥灰和黏土) 的沉積岩主導，此指出該淺湖於(Paleo-environment) 古環境下時經過不斷交換的乾燥和溢流作用 (淡水版的 "拉古納(lagunal)")。
這些岩層適當地顯示了在 Bosna 和 Fojnicka 河的交匯地形，以及形成 Plješevica 小丘的基本形態，在經過帶領的挖掘工作的許多地方，可以清楚地見到那些岩層形貌，在小丘基礎台階部份：

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the Middle/Upper Miocene sediments (M2,3 on the map) are known by the local geologists by the name "Lasva series"; they are abundant around Visoko (these same sediments form the hill of Visocica and most of the other hills in the vicinity), and comprise two distinct levels:
中/上部中新世時期沉積岩 (地圖中 M2,3 處) 是由命名為 "Lasva-series" 的當地地質學者所得知；在 Visoko 附近有很多 (這些相同的沉積岩係來自維索其卡小山和和附近其它山丘群)，且由兩個明顯可辨的岩層所組成：

• at the bottom, layers of sandstone, generally thicker (a few dizains of centimeters) than in the Pljesevica sediment, more rarely interbedded with marls or clays; in these sandstones have been found many fossil imprints of leaves, oak (Quercus), beech (Fagus) or chesnut-tree (Castanea), indicating a temperate paleoenvironment:
• 在下方那張沙岩層，它通常比 Plješevica  的沉積岩還厚一些 (數公分不等)，極少數在各層間會夾帶泥灰或黏土；在這些沙岩中已找到許多各層間的葉子化石痕跡，如：橡木(櫟屬)、山毛櫸(水青岡屬)、或栗子(栗屬)，這表明了其溫暖的古代環境。
  

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• These sandstones are topped by very thick layers of conglomerates, containing rough debris (centimetric to decimetric in size), in a mostly carbonaceous matrix. The debris, coming from the older layers of the surrounding ranges, are various in nature (sedimentary or rhyolithic pebbles) and in shape (some are quite angular, most are more or less rounded, depending of the way and length of their transportation by the rivers to the lake).
• 這些沙岩是由非常厚的礫岩層於上方層疊形成，還包括了粗糙的碎屑 (大小數公分到數公寸不等)，多數是碳質的岩石。這些殘骸碎石，來自於附近區域中較為古老的岩層，他們的種類多樣，像於自然界之性質(沉積岩或流紋岩小石塊) 及於形狀上的相貌各異 (有些相當尖銳，但大多數有一點圓，依這些石頭從河流搬運至湖泊的過程及長度而定)。
  
  

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From the Miocene... to the pyramids

the high tectonic pressures during the uplift have deformed the Miocene layers, in a series of anticlines (en) and synclines (en), each with an axis approximately East/West or ESE/WNW. The above geological map at 1:300,000, or the extract from the more precise map at 1:100,000 hereunder, show that one of these large anticline is present just South of Visocica (which is therefore part of the northern flank of this anticline, hence the important dip (en) of the conglomerate layers):


從中新世... 到金字塔
塞拉耶佛-澤尼察的 intramountain 湖經過緩慢地乾燥，直到快中新世時期末(距今 5 至 7 百萬年前)已乾涸的差
不多了；維所其卡 Visocica 附近找不到任何比上部中新世還晚期的岩層，除了玻士尼亞境內及Fojnicka 谷較
新的河中沖積層外。在中新世期末，這個地區它正開始一段非常慷慨激昂的 "騰空飛躍" 歷史，不斷地擴張
延伸，過程整整橫跨了上新世和第四紀，一直到今天。

關於結構，此時期最為主要明顯的特色就是受地層結構壓力催迫：此地區在經過所有時期後，地層最後抬
升了上來，可能還再經過或長或短的運動，這過程一直不斷地對這些地層作主要或次要的改變。
這個是一份關於這些變動的清單：

在抬升過程中，受到地殼的高壓使然，讓中新世層被擠壓而變形，形成一層層背斜坡 (en)和向斜坡 (en)，
每一次的軸心為 東/西 或 東南/西北 走向。上面的地質地圖比例 1:300,000，而下面的是從更精確的 1:100,000 比例尺地圖擷取得來，圖中這些較大的背斜坡 (en)其中之一正位於當前維所其卡 Visocica 南方位置上 (因此是背斜坡北側的一部份)，從這邊開始皆是礫岩層重要的傾向 )：

some other deformations are much more limited, and affect the layers only on a few decimeters or meters, as for instance the small folds that one can find on Pljesevica, where the predominance of plastic layers (marl and clay) facilitates these small localised deformations:
其它有些變形的程度很有限，僅影響數寸或數公尺，至於輕微皺褶的實據在 Plješevica 可以找到一個例子，該處佔絕大多數的可塑層 (泥灰土和黏土) 促成了這些小小的區域變形：

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tectonic stresses are also responsible for the numerous little faults one can observe, as for instance here on Pljesevica:
地層擠壓作用對於造成許多微小斷層的舉足輕重地位可看到一例，說到例證這邊於 Plješevica 就有：

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En rouge les deux failles visibles sur cette photo, avec le
sens de soulèvement relatif des blocs ; en bleu ce qui est
probablement une couche identique décalée par les failles. -
In red, the two faults visible on this picture, with the relative
motion of the blocs ; in blue, what appears to be the same
layer, displaced by the faults.
以紅線標示，這兩個斷層在圖中可清楚看到，係
相對於石塊的移動；藍線部份，標示的是於同一
層線上，以說明是斷層造成。

as well as for the abundant fractures or joints (en) (with no shifting of the blocks) that one can find in all the layers of the two hills, be it Visocica:

同樣的對於隨處可見的裂縫或節理(不計入石塊位移)，在兩坐山丘所有的岩層中可以找到，這個是在維所其卡Visocica：

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En Tasmanie 塔斯梅尼亞島- 出處
En Géorgie 喬治亞州- 出處

Dans les Alpes 法國阿爾卑斯山 - 出處

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During the same time that these changes, linked with the tectonic activity, happened, the layers, uplifted by the general orogeny, have been submitted to erosion (en), particularly intense during the Quaternary, and that erosion has given their present shape to the "pyramids". Depending on the climatic phases of the Quaternary (glacial and interglacial periods), different kinds of erosion have been active, and have "attacked" not only the lowest points (fluvial erosion by the watercourses, that creates a characteristic V cross-section of the valleys), but also the slopes and summits (particularly frost erosion, most active during the glacial periods on rocky substrates left without much protection by a scarse vegetal cover of the "tundra" (en) kind, but also more slow processes like surface runoff (en), solifluction (en), carbonate dissolution or chemical alteration (en)).
在這些變動的同一時期，連帶著地殼運動也開始了，而這個地層，就經由常常發生的造山運動升了上來，且受到侵蝕作用 (en)的影響，尤其是在第四紀期間這活動更為劇烈，這侵蝕作用使它們現在的形狀成為"金字塔"。依第四紀時期氣候的條件(冰河期和間冰期)，侵蝕的作用也各有所不同，而且它 "攻擊" 的不僅僅是最低的端點而已(河道造成的河流作用，它造成獨樹一格的山谷 V 字型橫切面)，連斜坡和尖角也是一樣(特別是霜蝕，好發於冰河時期，因底部岩石失去了"凍土層" (en)上面珍稀植物覆蓋表皮的保護，不僅如此，還有像地表逕流 (en)、泥流 (en)、碳酸鹽溶蝕、或化學風化作用等速度更緩慢的作用)。

Visocica: a part of an anticline

So, the present shape of the "pyramids" is the result of a mixing of these different factors (en): structural factors (uplift and deformations of the geological layers) and climatic factors (weathering of rocks and removal of the debris). In the case of Visocica, its geomorphological history could be resumed by the sketch hereunder, made by a Bosnian geologist:

維所其卡Visocica：背斜層的一部份

所以，現今 "金字塔" 的形狀是由這些各種不同的因素 (en)混合造成的結果：結構上的因素 (上升和地層變形)和氣候上的因素 (岩石風化和岩層搬移)，以 Visocica 的例子，他的地層史在下面就用簡單的塗畫來重現，由玻士尼亞地質學家繪製：

維所其卡Visocica

1) At the end of the Miocene Era, an anticline with East/West axis is formed; the present Visocica is located on the northern flank of this anticline; the layers forming Visocica, deposited horizontally at the bottom of the Sarajevo-Zenica lake, have thus been tipped, sloping toward the North, but still preserve their original disposition, the more recent conglomerates above the older sandstones. The formation of the anticline has induced an important fracturation of the layers, particularly in the places where the curve is more important, that means at the summit of the anticline.

2) The erosion begins to attack all the anticline, but is much more active on the fractured zones, where the rock is "weakened" by the stresses and where the fractures, even very small ones, ease the passage of percolation water, the most powerfull agent for erosion when combined with the frost. The upper part of the anticline is thus the one where the erosion goes the fastest, even in the hard conglomerates.

3) When the upper layers of conglomerates are "ripped open" by the erosion, the attack of the summit of the anticlinal is accelerated, due to the fact that now are exposed the lower layers composed of sandstone, hard but less thick than the conglomerates, and mixed with much less resistant layers of marls and clays. The eroded place in the heart of the anticline is going to enlarge, and to deepen much faster than the flanks still protected par the hard upper layers.

1)中新世末期，東/西軸向的背斜坡形成；現在的維所其卡 Visocica 正位於這個背斜坡北側；該層形成了Visocica，在塞拉耶佛-澤尼察湖(Sarajevo-Zenica)底層水平沉澱累積，就這樣開始傾斜，斜坡的面朝著北方，不過此時它們仍然保持原來的傾向，新上許多的礫岩位於較古老的沙岩上。背斜坡結構引發了重大的岩層斷裂，特別是位於該處曲面處的尤為重要，因為它代表背斜坡(anticline)的凸出面。

2)此時侵蝕開始攻擊整個背斜坡，不過多數還是作用於斷裂的區域上，該處的岩石由於受到壓力而 "變弱了"，而且斷裂的地方即使是非常小，滲透水都可以輕易地來去自如，對於侵蝕來說，在結合了霜的凍蝕作用下，威力更加如虎添翼。背斜坡上部就是因為如此，所以侵蝕面的侵蝕速度達到了高峰，即便是對堅硬的礫岩也不例外。

3)當礫岩上層順利地被侵蝕給 "撕裂開" 之後，背斜坡凸出處所遭受的攻擊就開始加速，因為此時下方以沙岩為主的岩層暴露於外，堅硬但比礫岩更薄，且以抵抗力較弱的泥灰土和黏土所組成。背斜坡中心處的磨蝕面被侵蝕的更厲害了，此時面積擴大，往下深探的速度比仍然保護著堅硬上層岩層的坡側更加快速。

Un "volet" 背斜面A "豬背嶺"

4) Nowadays, most of the anticline has disappeared, only part of the northern flank is surviving: Visocica is a kind of what geomorphologists call "hogbacks" (en), a fragment, isolated by erosion, of the limb of an anticline.

Thus, the North side of Visocica is a "dip slope" (en): the topography matches exactly the upper layer of conglomerates, the slope of the surface matches the dip of the layer, and that explains the regularity of this slope.
4)今天，多數的背斜面都不見了，僅有北側一部份仍然保留著。Visocica 也就是地質學家稱之為 "豬背嶺"(en)的一種類型、不完全的一部份，它被侵蝕給隔離開來，成為了背斜坡的支翼。
因此，Visocica 北側就是一個 "順向坡"：它的地形與礫岩上層正好吻合，表面的坡度也符合岩層的走向，都在在解釋了這個斜坡本身的規律性。

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The South and West sides, as well as the slopes of the "access plateau" on the West side, are, contrary to the North side, slopes created by erosion: their shape (much less regular by the way than that of the North side) is the result of fluvial erosion and colluviation (en) ; on these slopes appear the sandstones and marls of the lower Lasva series:
於北邊和西邊，西側 "入口高原" 的斜層也是，與北邊恰好相反，斜坡是侵蝕弄出來的：它們的形狀(就形成方式比北邊那側更無規律性) 是河流作用和的崩積作用的結果；這些斜坡顯露出沙岩及一些 Lasva series 特性的泥灰土：

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There is still the East side of Visocica: the regular slope, and the presence of conglomerates with a dip identical to the slope, imply that it is again a dip slope like the North side. According to a precise observation of the dips made by a local geologist, the two sides, North and East, would represent a late local deformation of the North limb of the principal anticline, a kind of "secondary" anticline with a North-East/South-West axis, and that would account for the fact that the same conglomerate slabs are found, with a dip toward the North on the North side, and toward the East on the East side.
在 Visocica 東邊仍是如此：有規律可循的斜坡，以及帶著傾斜可分辨為斜層的礫岩形貌，暗示著必然跟北側一樣又是順向坡。此是根據當地一位地質學家對其地質走向建立出來的精確觀察所判斷，北邊和東邊兩側，可稍加想像推論出主要背斜坡北翼當地的變形，另一 "第二種" 背斜層類型，其軸心是東北/西南方向，此也可以說明為何會找到同樣礫岩斜坡的事實，北側的傾向是朝向北方，而東側的傾向是朝向東方。

Pljesevica, or how to manufacture a step pyramid in sedimentary rocks

The case of Pljesevica, the "Pyramid of the Moon", is quite different. First, the geological layers are not the same as in Visocica, as Pljesevica is for the most part composed of older layers (sandstone, marl and clay of the Middle Miocene), thinner and less hard than the Visocica ones ; second, these layers have been much less tipped, as one may observe only a slight dip toward the East or South-East. Pljesevica is thus a hill cut in almost horizontal layers (except for the places with micro-folds as told above), and its slopes do not result from the structure: the North, West and South slopes of Pljesevica have been cut by the drainage network slowly sinking. The single "structural surface" (where the topography matches with a resistant geological layer) is probably the one of the upper "plateau", the flat summit of the hill. Even more than on Visocica, an intense colluviation (due to the mostly plastic and hardly coherent layers) has covered all the slopes with a regular superficial formation, that one can clearly see, above the Miocene layers, on the right of this picture:

Plješevica，是如何於沉積岩中造就一座階梯金字塔

Plješevica 的例子 - "月亮金字塔"，它相當的與眾不同。首先，它的地質岩層跟 Visocica 的並不一樣，Plješevica 如其名大多數部份是由較古老的岩層所組成 (中部中新世時期的沙岩、泥灰土、和黏土)，比 Visocica 那種還薄且較不堅硬；其二，這些岩層的傾斜程度十分輕微，僅有一處能約略看出走向稍朝東或朝東南。Plješevica 是座一刀切入幾乎為水平岩層的山丘 (除了上面提到過的輕微皺褶處外)，且它的斜層並非因結構所造成：Plješevica  的北面、西面，和南面斜層皆已被網路狀排水河道切割而緩漫地往下沉。這個獨一無二的 "結搆表面" (該處地形合於具抵抗力的地層條件) 應該算上方丘頂平坦 "高原" 的其中一項特色。
它甚至比起 Visocica 有過之無所不及，旺盛的崩積作用 (因為多數是可塑性高且毫無規則可循的岩層) 以一種極度雜亂無章的形式胡亂覆滿整個斜坡，也就是此圖右所示，在中新世層上方，這一點可以清楚看見：

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This hill, with vaguely triangular sides (but not much more than a bunch of hills in the vicinity), Mr. Osmanagic’s Fondation is slowly giving it the look of the classical "step pyramid" (en), simply by removing part of the plastic layers of marl and clay to expose, on the flanks, the harder sandstone layers: each sandstone layer (and moreover if it is "ornate" with ripple-marks), carefully cleared by a variable width, is limited by a "wall" vertically cut by the workers in the above layers:
這個山丘，有著模糊的三角形 (不過這點還遠比不上區域附近那一票小山)，斯美那紀克先生(Mr. Osmanagic)的基金會逐漸將注意力放在這典雅的 "階梯金字塔" (en)，它的樸素外表是因為去除了一部份由泥灰土和黏土構成的可塑層而暴露於世，坡側是較硬的沙岩層：每個沙岩層 (要是有被波痕再 "裝飾" 一下就更棒了) 皆以不同的寬度被小心地清理過，是受住於岩層上的工作人員們將之作 "牆面" 垂直切割所形成。

Comment fabriquer une pyramide à degrés -
Manufacturing a step-pyramid
En pointillés, la pente originelle, avant excavation. The dotted
line shows the original slope before the excavations.
虛線代表被挖除之前原來的斜坡

Naïvety of people totally ignorant of geology? Or attempt to play on the visitors’s naïvety, by making an artificial structure of a simple hill with carefully chosen "arrangements"?
以為單純(Naïvety)的人就完全不懂地質學嗎？還是只是為了想捉弄一下單純的觀光客，所以居心叵測地選擇 "事先商量好" 的方式對簡單的小山弄了個人為造成的結構？

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[1] Sources for the geology of the region:(給地質學領域參照的相關來源：)
Geological map of Bosnia and Herzegovina at 1:300 000, 2002, Earth Sciences Institute of Sarajevo;
Text of the 1:300 000 map, 2002, by Professor Safet Cicic;
Geological map at 1:100 000 of Visoko region, 1967, Geology and Hydrogeology Institute, Civil Engineering Faculty, Sarajevo;
"Post-orogenic intramontane basins", 2000, by Hazim Hrvatovic from the Institute of Geology of Sarajevo; published in News of the Croatian Geological Society, n°37-2, Dubrovnik;
Personnal communications by a geologist (bs) from Tuzla, and by Dr Amer Smailbegovic, see also here;
"Report on the geological explorations of Viso?ica hill near Visoko", by a team of geologists from Tuzla University, leaded by Professor Sejfudin Vrabac; an English translation is  here (en), the Bosnian original text can be downloaded there (bs);
Different texts written by Dr Robert Schoch, geologist, after his stay in Visoko in July-August 2006; see on his website (en), as well as an article written for the magazine "Sub Rosa" that can be downloaded here (en);
Posts by the geologist Paul Heinrich on the forum "The Hall of Ma’at" (en);
and of course the observation of the numerous pictures of geological layers published by the Foundation.

[2] The uplift of the Dinarids came along with numerous phases of compression, linked with the huge tectonic movements between the African and Eurasiatic plates; it is not surprising that a few regions like Sarajevo-Zenica basin were subsiding (due to the major fault of Busavaca since the end of Oligocene), at the same time as the rest of the region was uplifting.

[3] The conglomerates, or "pudding-stones" of Visocica are often called "breccia" by the Foundation; in fact, the word "breccia" should be used for rocks containing mostly angular clasts, when the conglomerates of Visoko consist of more or less rounded fragments.

[4] See for instance this news from the 27th of October (bs) on the Foundation website, where Mr. Osmanagic declares: "Thanks to the terrain work and the laboratory analysis, we have been able to prove that the walls of the Pyramid of the Sun are made of casted concrete blocks of high quality".

[5] You can see here numerous instances of natural pavements in the world.